Conceptual models refer to abstract representations or frameworks that represent a system, concept, or phenomenon. These models help researchers and practitioners understand, visualize, and communicate complex ideas by simplifying and organizing information in a structured way. Conceptual models are commonly used in various fields such as psychology, sociology, education, and business to help researchers develop hypotheses, analyze data, and make decisions based on theoretical principles. They can take many forms, including diagrams, flowcharts, and written descriptions, and may be used to illustrate relationships, processes, or theories. Overall, conceptual models provide a foundational framework for understanding and studying complex topics in research.